ES Energy & Environment (ESEE) is a peer-reviewed international journal for the publication of very high quality, ground-breaking research from across all areas of energy capture, conversion and storage, alternative fuel technologies and environmental science. Special emphasis is on studies of broad interest that leads to a deeper understanding of the functional mechanisms underlying chemical, physical, and/or biological processes. Four Volumes per year, each volume helps engineers and scientists stay on the top of theoretical and technological advances in all areas associated with the energy and environment primarily through peer-reviewed original research manuscripts, short letters, or review articles.